References

    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

    B

    Baer, H.A. (1981) ‘The organizational rejuvenation of osteopathy: a reflection of the decline of professional dominance in medicine’, Social Science and Medicine, 15(5), pp. 701–711. doi: 10.1016/0271-7123(81)90093-6.

    Baer, H.A. (1984) ‘The drive for professionalization in British osteopathy’, Social Science and Medicine, 19(7), pp. 717–725. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(84)90244-2.

    Baggini, J. (2018) How the world thinks: a global history of philosophy. London: Granta.

    Bartky, S.L. (1979) ‘Heidegger and the modes of world-disclosure’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 40(2), pp. 212-236. doi: 10.2307%2F2106318.

    Becker, R. (1997) Life in motion: The osteopathic vision of Rollin E. Becker, D.O. Edited by R.E. Brooks. Portland, OR: Stillness Press.

    Becker, R. (2000) The stillness of life: the osteopathic philosophy of Rollin E. Becker, D.O. Edited by R.E. Brooks: Portland, OR: Stillness Press.

    Bernstein, R.J. (1985) Beyond objectivism and relativism: science, hermeneutics and praxis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Bruno, N. and Pavani, F. (2018) Perception: a multisensory perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    C

    Carper, B.A. (1978) ‘Fundamental patters of knowing in nursing’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(2), pp. 13-24. doi: 10.1097%2F00012272-197810000-00004.

    Cassidy, E., Reynolds, F., Naylor, S. and de Souza, L. (2011) ‘Using interpretative phenomenological analysis to inform physiotherapy practice: an introduction with reference to the lived experience of cerebellar ataxia’, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 27(4), pp. 263–77. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.488278.

    Cerritelli, F., Chiacchiaretta, P., Gambi, F. and Ferretti, A. (2017) ‘Effect of continuous touch on brain functional connectivity is modified by the operator’s tactile attention’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, pp. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00368.

    Consedine, S., Standen, C. and Niven, E. (2016) ‘Knowing hands converse with an expressive body: an experience of osteopathic touch’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 19, pp. 3–12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2015.06.002.

    Cook, A. (2005) ‘The mechanics of cranial motion - the sphenobasilar synchondrosis (SBS) revisited’, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 9(3), pp. 177–188. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2004.12.002.

    Cowley, S.J. (2018) ‘Life and language: is meaning biosemiotic?’, Language & Communication, 67, pp. 46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.langsci.2018.04.004.

    Craig, A.D. (2002) ‘How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body’, Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3(8), pp. 655–666. doi: 10.1038/nrn894.

    Critchley, H.D. and Garfinkel, S.N. (2017) ‘Interoception and emotion’, Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, pp. 7–14. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.020.

    Crotty, M. (1998) The foundations of social research. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington, DC: Sage.

    D

    Dahlberg, K., Drew, N. and Nyström, M. (2001) Reflective lifeworld research. Lund: Studentlitterature.
    Damasio, A. (1999) The feeling of what happens. London: William Heinemann.Dahlberg, K., Drew, N. and Nyström, M. (2001) Reflective lifeworld research. Lund: Studentlitterature.

    Daniel, S.L. (1986) ‘The patient as a text: a model of clinical hermeneutics’, Theoretical Medicine, 7, pp. 195–210. doi: 10.1007/BF00489230.

    Dekkers, W. (1998) ‘Hermeneutics and the experience of the body: the case of low back pain’, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 19, pp. 277–293. doi: doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922217656.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (1980) ‘Holism and hermeneutics’, The Review of Metaphysics, 34(1), pp. 3-23.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (1991) ‘Heidegger's hermeneutic realism’, in Hiley, D.R., Bohman, J., Shusterman, R. (eds), The interpretive turn: philosophy, science, culture. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 25-41.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (2000) ‘Merleau-Ponty's critique of Husserl’s (and Searle's) concept of intentionality’, in Hass, L. and Olkowski, D. (eds) Rereading Merleau-Ponty: essays beyond the continental-analytic divide. New York, NY: Humanity Books, pp. 33-52.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (2002) ‘Intelligence without representation: Merleau-Ponty’s critique of mental representation. The relevance of phenomenology to scientific explanation’, Phenomenology and the cognitive sciences, 1(4), pp. 367-383.

    Dreyfus, H.L. and Spinosa, C. (2006) ‘Further reflections on Heidegger, technology and the everyday’, in Kompridis, N. (ed.) Philosophical Romanticism, New York: Routledge, Chapter 12.

    Dreyfus, H.L. and Taylor, C. (2015) Retrieving realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Damasio, A. (1999) The feeling of what happens. London: William Heinemann.

    Daniel, S.L. (1986) ‘The patient as a text: a model of clinical hermeneutics’, Theoretical Medicine, 7, pp. 195–210. doi: 10.1007/BF00489230.

    Dekkers, W. (1998) ‘Hermeneutics and the experience of the body: the case of low back pain’, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 19, pp. 277–293. doi: doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922217656.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (1980) ‘Holism and hermeneutics’, The Review of Metaphysics, 34(1), pp. 3-23.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (1991) ‘Heidegger's hermeneutic realism’, in Hiley, D.R., Bohman, J., Shusterman, R. (eds), The interpretive turn: philosophy, science, culture. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 25-41.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (2000) ‘Merleau-Ponty's critique of Husserl’s (and Searle's) concept of intentionality’, in Hass, L. and Olkowski, D. (eds) Rereading Merleau-Ponty: essays beyond the continental-analytic divide. New York, NY: Humanity Books, pp. 33-52.

    Dreyfus, H.L. (2002) ‘Intelligence without representation: Merleau-Ponty’s critique of mental representation. The relevance of phenomenology to scientific explanation’, Phenomenology and the cognitive sciences, 1(4), pp. 367-383.

    Dreyfus, H.L. and Spinosa, C. (2006) ‘Further reflections on Heidegger, technology and the everyday’, in Kompridis, N. (ed.) Philosophical Romanticism, New York: Routledge, Chapter 12.

    Dreyfus, H.L. and Taylor, C. (2015) Retrieving realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    F

    Ferguson, A.J., McPartland, J.M., Upledger, J.E., Collins, M. and Lever, R. (1998) ‘Cranial osteopathy and craniosacral therapy: current opinions’, Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 2(1), pp. 28–37. doi: 10.1016/S1360-8592(98)80044-2.

    Ferré, J.C. and Barbin, J.Y. (1991) ‘The osteopathic cranial concept: fact or fiction?’, Surgical and radiological anatomy, 13(3), pp. 165-170. doi: 10.1007/BF01627979.

    Finlay, L. (2006) ‘The body’s disclosure in phenomenological research’, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, pp. 19–30. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp051oa.

    Finlay, L. (2015) ‘Sensing and making sense: embodying metaphor in relational-centered psychotherapy’, The Humanistic Psychologist, 43, pp. 338–353. doi: 10.1080/08873267.2014.993070.

    Finlay, L. (2011) Researching the lived world. Chichester, Wiley-Blackwell.

    Fuchs, T. and de Jaegher, H. (2009) ‘Enactive intersubjectivity: participatory sense-making and mutual incorporation’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(4), pp. 465–486. doi: 10.1007/s11097-009-9136-4.

    G

    Gabutti, M. and Draper-Rodi, J. (2014) ‘Osteopathic decapitation: Why do we consider the head differently from the rest of the body? New perspectives for an evidence-informed osteopathic approach to the head’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 17(4), pp. 256–262. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2014.02.001.

    Gadamer, H.-G. (1989) Truth and method. 2nd edn. Translated by J. Weinsheimer and D.G. Marshall. London, New York: Continuum.

    Gadamer, H.-G. (1996) The enigma of health: the art of healing in a scientific age. Translated by Gaiger, J. and Walker, N. Oxford: Polity Press.

    Gallace, A. and Spence, C. (2010) ‘The science of interpersonal touch: an overview’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), pp. 246–259. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004.

    Gallace, A. and Spence, C. (2016) ‘Social touch’, in Olausson, H., Wessberg, J., Morrison, I. and McGlone, F. (eds) Affective touch and the neurophysiology of CT afferents. New York: Springer, pp. 227-238.

    Gallagher, S. (2005) How the body shapes the mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Gallagher, S. (2017) Enactivist interventions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Gallagher, S. and Bower, M. (2014) ‘Making enactivism even more embodied’, Avant, V(2), pp. 232-247. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011.

    General Osteopathic Council (2012) Osteopathic practice standards. Available at: https://www.osteopathy.org.uk/news-and-resources/document-library/osteopathic-practice-standards/osteopathic-practice-standards/. (Accessed 7 January 2019).

    General Osteopathic Council (2019a) ‘C. Safety and quality in practice’, Osteopathic Practice Standards. Available at: https://standards.osteopathy.org.uk/themes/safety-and-quality-in-practice/. (Accessed 5 January 2019).

    General Osteopathic Council (2019b) Statistics. Available at: https://www.osteopathy.org.uk/news-and-resources/research-surveys/statistics/. (Accessed 4 January 2019).

    Gendlin, E. (1962) Experiencing and the creation of meaning, Reprint, Glencoe: Northwestern University Press, 1997.

    Gendlin, E. (1992) ‘The primacy of the body, not the primacy of perception’, Man and World, 25(3-4), pp. 341-353. doi: 10.1007/BF01252424.

    Gens, J.-C. and Roche, E. (2014) ‘Emergence of feeling in osteopathic manual listening’, British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Sidney Sussex College Cambridge, UK 5 September, pp. 1-6. 

    rnal of Family Therapy, 38(2), pp. 194–210. doi: 10.1002/anzf.1210.

    Godlee, F. (2014) ‘Evidence based medicine: flawed system but still the best we’ve got’, British Medical Journal, 348, pp. g440–g440. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g440.

    Greenhalgh, T. et al. (2009) ‘Tensions and paradoxes in electronic patient record research: a systematic literature review using the meta-narrative method’, The Milbank quarterly, 87(4), pp. 729–788. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00578.x.

    Greenhalgh, T., Wong, G., Westhorp, G. and Pawson, R. (2011) ‘Protocol - realist and meta-narrative evidence synthesis: evolving standards (RAMESES)’, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 11(1), p. 115. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-11-115.

    Greenhalgh, T., Snow, R., Ryan, S., Rees, S. and Salisbury, H. (2015) ‘Six “biases” against patients and carers in evidence-based medicine’, BMC Medicine, 13(1), p. 200. doi: 10.1186/s12916-015-0437-x.

    Greenhalgh, T., Raftery, J., Hanney, S. and Glover, M. (2016) ‘Research impact: a narrative review’, BMC Medicine, 14(1), p. 78. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0620-8.

    Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J. and Maskrey, N. (2014) ‘Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?’, British Medical Journal, 348(4), g3725–g3725. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g3725.

    Greenspan, S.I. and Shanker, S.G., (2004) The first idea. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.

    H

    Hamm, D. (2011) ‘A hypothesis to explain the palpatory experience and therapeutic claims in the practice of osteopathy in the cranial field’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 14(4), pp. 149–165. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2011.07.003.

    Handoll, N. (2000) Anatomy of potency. Hereford: Osteopathic Supplies Ltd.

    Hartman, S.E. (2005) ‘Should osteopathic licensing examinations test for knowledge of cranial osteopathy?’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 8(4), pp. 153–154. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2005.08.003.

    Hartman, S.E. (2006a) ‘Cranial osteopathy: its fate seems clear’, Chiropractic and Osteopathy, 14(10). doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-14-10.

    Hartman, S.E. (2006b) ‘Cranial osteopathy and licensing exams: rejoinder to Maddick and Korth’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 9, p. 143. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2006.10.002.

    Hartman, S.E. and Norton, J.M. (2002) ‘Interexaminer reliability and cranial osteopathy’, Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine and Aberrant Medical Practices, 6(1), pp. 23–34. Available at: https://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/QA/osteo/hartman_2002.pdf.

    Holmes, D., Murray, S., Perron, A. and Rail, G. (2006) ‘Deconstructing the evidence-based discourse in health sciences: truth, power and fascism’, International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare, 4, pp. 180-186.

    Humpage, C. (2011) ‘Opinions on research and evidence based medicine within the UK osteopathic profession: a thematic analysis of public documents 2003-2009’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 14(2), pp. 48–56. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2010.11.005.

    Hutto, D.D. (2017) ‘Basic social cognition without mindreading: minding minds without attributing contents’, Synthese, 194(3), pp. 827–846. doi: 10.1007/s11229-015-0831-0.

    Hutto, D. and Myin, E. (2012) Radicalizing enactivism: basic minds without content. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    J

    de Jaegher, H. and di Paolo, E. (2007) ‘Participatory sense-making: an enactive approach to social cognition’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 6(4), pp. 485–507. doi: 10.1007/s11097-007-9076-9.

    Jäkel, A. and von Hauenschild, P. (2011) ‘Therapeutic effects of cranial osteopathic manipulative medicine: a systematic review’, The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 111(12), pp. 685–93. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22182954.

    de Jesus, P. (2018) ‘Thinking through enactive agency: sense-making , bio-semiosis and the ontologies of organismic worlds’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, pp. 861–887. doi: doi.org/10.1007/s1109.

    Johns, C. (2013) Becoming a reflective practitioner. 4th edn. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.

    Johnson, C. (2012) ‘Bricoleur and bricolage: from metaphor to universal concept’, Paragraph, 35(3), pp. 355–372. doi: 10.3366/para.2012.0064.

    Jones, R.K. (2004) ‘Schism and heresy in the development of orthodox medicine: the threat to medical hegemony’, Social Science and Medicine, 58(4), pp. 703–712. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00222-3.

    Jordan, T. (2009) ‘Swedenborg’s influence on Sutherland’s “Primary Respiratory Mechanism” model in cranial osteopathy’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 12(3), pp. 100–105. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2009.03.006.

    K

    Kelly, M.A., Nixon, L., McClurg, C., Scherpbier, A., King, N. and Dornan, T. (2017) ‘Experience of touch in health care: a meta-ethnography across the health care professions’, Qualitative Health Research, 28(2), pp. 200-212. doi: 10.1177/1049732317707726.

    Kerry, R., Eriksen, T.E., Lie, S.A.N., Mumford, S.D., Anjum, R.L. (2012) ‘Causation and evidence-based practice: an ontological review’, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 18(5), pp. 1006–1012. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2012.01908.x.

    King, R.E.D. (2017) ‘The clearing of being: a phenomenological study of openness in psychotherapy’. DPsych Thesis. Middlesex University. Available at: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22643/. (Accessed 15 January 2019).

    L

    Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. (1980a) Metaphors we live by. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980b) ‘The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system’, Cognitive Science, 4(2), pp. 195–208. doi: 10.1016/S0364-0213(80)80017-6.

    Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1999) Philosophy in the flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. New York: Basic Books.

    Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (2016) ‘Conceptual metaphor in everyday language', Journal of Philosophy, 77(8), pp. 453–486. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2025464.

    Larkin, M. and Thompson, A. (2012) ‘Interpretative phenomenological analysis’, in Thompson, A. and Harper, D. (eds) Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: a guide for students and practitioners. Oxford: John Wiley, pp. 99–116. doi: 10.1002/9781119973249.

    Larkin, M., Eatough, V. and Osborn, M. (2011) ‘Interpretative phenomenological analysis and embodied, active, situated cognition’, Theory & Psychology, 21(3), pp. 318–337. doi: 10.1177/0959354310377544.

    Lee-Treweek, G. (2001) ‘I’m not ill, it’s just this back: osteopathic treatment, responsibility and back problems’, Health, 5(1), pp. 31–49. doi: 10.1177/136345930100500102.

    Lee-Treweek, G. (2002) ‘Trust in complementary medicine: the case of cranial osteopathy’, Sociological Review, 50(1), pp. 48–68. doi: 10.1111/1467-954X.00354.

    Lee-Treweek, G. (2005) ‘Knowledge, names, fraud and trust’, in Lee-Treweek, G., Heller, T., MacQueen, H., Stone, J. and Spurr, S. eds. (2005) Complementary and alternative medicine: structures and safeguards. London: Routledge, pp. 3-26.

    Lee-Treweek, G. and Linkogle, S. (2000) (eds) Danger in the field: ethics and risk in social research. London: Routledge.

    Loughlin, M. (2009a) ‘The basis of medical knowledge: judgement, objectivity and the history of ideas’, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 15(6), pp. 935–940. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01318.x.

    Loughlin, M. (2009b) ‘The search for substance: a quest for the identity-conditions of evidence-based medicine and some comments on Djulbegovic, B., Guyatt, G. H. & Ashcroft, R. E. (2009) Cancer Control, 16, 158-168’, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 15(6), pp. 910–914. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2009.01317.x.

    Loughlin, M., Lewith, G. and Falkenberg, T. (2013) ‘Science, practice and mythology: a definition and examination of the implications of scientism in medicine’, Health Care Analysis, 21(2), pp. 130–145. doi: 10.1007/s10728-012-0211-6.

    Lupton, D. (2012) Medicine as culture. 3rd edn. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington, DC: Sage.

    M

    Maddick, A.F. (2007) ‘The flawed cranial model’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 10(2–3), p. 80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2007.03.002.

    Maddick, A.F. and Korth, S.B. (2006) ‘Response to Hartman’s “Should osteopathic licensing examinations test for knowledge of cranial osteopathy?”’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 9(3), pp. 108–109. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2006.07.003.

    Maiese, M. (2018) ‘Can the mind be embodied, enactive, affective, and extended?’, Journal of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science, 17, pp. 343–361. doi: 10.1007/s11097-017-9510-6.

    Marion, J.-L. (1999) ‘The other first philosophy and the question of givenness’, trans. Kosky, J.L. Critical Enquiry, 25(4), pp. 784-800. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1344103?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

    Marion, J.-L. (2012) ‘Remarques sur l’origine philosophique de la donation (Gegebenheit)’, Les Études philosophiques, No.1, La méthode phénoménologique aujourd’hui, pp. 101-116. doi: 10.3917/leph.121.0101.

    McGlone, F., Vallbo, Å., Olausson, H., Löken, L. and Wessberg, J. (2007) ‘Discriminative touch and emotional touch’, Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(3), pp. 173–183. doi: 10.1037/cjep2007019.

    McGlone, F., Walker, S. and Ackerley, R. (2016) ‘Affective touch and human grooming behaviours: feeling good and looking good’, in Olausson, H., Wessberg, J., Morrison, I. and McGlone, F. (eds) Affective touch and the neurophysiology of CT afferents. New York: Springer, pp. 265-282.

    McGrath, M.C. (2015) ‘A global view of osteopathic practice – mirror or echo chamber?’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, 18(2), pp. 130–140. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2015.01.004.

    McKone, W.L. (2001) Osteopathic medicine: philosophy, principles and practice. Oxford: Blackwell Science.

    McPartland, J.M. and Skinner, E. (2005) ‘The biodynamic model of osteopathy in the cranial field’, Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing, 1(1), pp. 21–32. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2004.10.005.

    Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962) Phenomenology of perception. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

    Merleau-Ponty, M. (1964) 'Phenomenology and the sciences of man’, in The primacy of perception. Chapter translated by John Wild. Edited by James M. Edie. Evanston, IL.: Northwestern University Press, pp. 43-95.

    Merleau-Ponty, M. (1968) The Visible and the invisible. Edited by C. Lefort; translated by A. Lingis. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

    Mesko, B. (2017) ‘The role of artificial intelligence in precision medicine’, Expert Review of Precision Medicine and Drug Development, Taylor & Francis, 2(5), pp. 239–241. doi: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1380516.

    Miller, K. (1998) ‘The evolution of professional identity: the case of osteopathic medicine’, Science, 47(11), pp. 1739–1748.

    Moerman, D.E. (2003) ‘“Placebo” versus “meaning”: the case for a change in our use of language’, Prevention and Treatment, 6(1). Article ID 7c. Available at: https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&sid=dcd85635-a5a9-49b2-aa82-21e7b1e4c10e%40pdc-v-sessmgr01. doi: 10.1037%2F1522-3736.6.1.67c. (Accessed 4 January 2019).

    Moerman, D.E. and Jonas, W.B. (2002) ‘Deconstructing the placebo effect and finding the meaning response’, Annals of Internal Medicine, 136(6), pp. 471–476.

    Moffatt, F. and Kerry, R. (2018) ‘The desire for “hands-on” therapy – a critical analysis of the phenomenon of touch’, in Gibson, B.E., Nicholls, D.A., Setchell, J. and Groven, K.S. (eds) Manipulating practices: a critical physiotherapy reader. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk, pp. 174-193.

    Mohammadi, D. (2015) ‘Chiropractic and osteopathy – how do they work?’ The Observer, 18 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/18/osteopaths-chiropractors-back-pain-whose-spine-is-it-anyway. (Accessed: 4 January 2019).

    Mol, A. (2002) The body multiple: ontology in medical practice. Durham and London: Duke University Press.

    Moran, D. (2010), ‘Husserl and Merleau-Ponty and embodied experience’, in Nenon, T., Blosser, P. (eds) Advancing phenomenology: essays in honor of Lester Embree, New York: Springer, pp. 175-195.

    Mulcahy, J., Vaughan, B., Boadle, J., Klas, D., Rickson, C. and Woodman, L. (2013) ‘Item development for a questionnaire investigating patient self reported perception, satisfaction and outcomes of a single osteopathy in the cranial field (OCF) treatment’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 16(2), pp. 81–98. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2012.07.003.

    Mulcahy, J. and Vaughan, B. (2014) ‘Sensations experienced and patients’ perceptions of osteopathy in the cranial field treatment’, Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 19(4). doi: 10.1177/2156587214534263.

    Mulhall, S. (2005) The Routledge guidebook to Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’. 2nd edn. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis.

    N

    Nathan, B. (1999) Touch and emotion in manual therapy. Edinburgh, London, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto: Churchill Livingstone.

    Newell, D., Lothe, L.R. and Raven, T.J.L. (2017) ‘Contextually Aided Recovery (CARe): a scientific theory for innate healing’, Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 25(1), p. 6. doi: 10.1186/s12998-017-0137-z.

    O

    O’Brien, J. (2013) Bonesetters: a history of British osteopathy. Tunbridge Wells: Anshan Ltd.

    Øberg, G.K., Normann, B. and Gallagher, S. (2015) ‘Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy’, Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 31(4), pp. 244–252. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2014.1002873.

    Orrock, P.J. (2016) ‘The patient experience of osteopathic healthcare’, Manual Therapy, 22, pp. 131–137. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.11.003.

    P

    Payne, P., Levine, P.A. and Crane-Godreau, M.A. (2015) ‘Somatic experiencing: using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00093.

    Polanyi, M. (1961) ‘Knowing and being’, Mind, 70(280), pp. 458-470. doi: 10.1093/mind/LXX.280.458.

    Polanyi, M. (1962) Personal knowledge: towards a post-critical theory. Rev. edn. London: Routledge.

    Polanyi, M. (1966) ‘The logic of tacit inference’, Philosophy, 41(155), pp. 1-18. doi: 10.1017/S0031819100066110.

    de Preester, H. (2008) ‘From ego to alter ego: Husserl, Merleau-Ponty and a layered approach to intersubjectivity’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 7(1), pp. 133–142. doi: 10.1007/s11097-007-9056-0.

    de Preester, H. and Tsakiris, M. (2009) ‘Body-extension versus body-incorporation: is there a need for a body-model?’, Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 8(3), pp. 307–319. doi: 10.1007/s11097-009-9121-y.

    R

    Reuter, M. (1999) ‘Merleau-Ponty’s notion of pre-reflective intentionality’, Synthese, 118(1), pp. 69-88. doi: 10.1023/A:100514491.

    Ricoeur, P. (2016) Hermeneutics and the human sciences: essays on language, action and interpretation. Edited and translated by John B. Thompson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Röhricht, F., Gallagher, S., Geuter, U. and Hutto, D.D. (2014) ‘Embodied cognition and body psychotherapy: the construction of new therapeutic environments’, Sensoria, 10(1), pp. 11–20. Available at: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/147390/20140814-0809/sensoria.swinburne.edu.au/index.php/sensoria/article/view/389.html. (Accessed 16 January 2019).

    S

    Sackett, D.L., Rosenberg, W.M.C., Muir Gray, J.A., Haynes, R.B., Richardson, W.S. (1996) ‘Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t - it’s about integrating individual clinical expertise and the best external evidence’, British Medical Journal, 312(1), pp. 71–72. doi: 10.2307/29730277.

    Schoeller, D. (2016) ‘Somatic - Semantic - Shifting: articulating embodied cultures’, in Schoeller, D. and Saller, V. (eds) Thinking thinking: practicing radical reflection. Munich and Freiburg: Verlag Karl Alber, pp. 112-135.

    Schön, D. (1983) The reflective practitioner: how professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.

    Serino, A. and Haggard, P. (2010) ‘Touch and the body’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 34(2), pp. 224–236. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.04.004.

    Sheehan, T. (2014) ‘What, after all, was Heidegger about?’ Continental Philosophy Review, 47(3-4), pp. 249-274. doi: 10.1007/s11007-014-9302-4.

    Sheehan, T. (2015) Making sense of Heidegger: a paradigm shift. London, New York: Rowman & Littlefield International.

    Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2011) The primacy of movement. 2nd edn. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

    Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2015) ‘Embodiment on trial: a phenomenological investigation’, Continental Philosophy Review, 48(1), pp. 23–39. doi: 10.1007/s11007-014-9315-z.

    Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2017) ‘In praise of phenomenology’, Phenomenology & Practice, 11(1), pp. 5–17. doi: 10.1093/0195187423.001.0001.

    Smith, J.A., Flowers, P. and Larkin, M. (2009) Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington, DC: Sage.

    Stuart S. (2016) ‘The articulation of enkinaesthetic entanglement’. In Jung M., Bauks M., Ackermann A. (eds) Dem Körper eingeschrieben. Studien zur Interdisziplinären Anthropologie. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, pp. 19-35. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-10474-0_2.

    Sutherland, W.G. (1944) ‘The cranial bowl’, The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, Reprinted, 2000, 100(9), pp. 568–573.

    Sutherland, W.G. (1990) Teachings in the science of osteopathy. Edited by A. Wales. Fort Worth, TX: Sutherland Cranial Teaching Foundation.

    Svenaeus, F. (2000a) The hermeneutics of medicine and the phenomenology of health. Dordrecht: Springer.

    Svenaeus, F. (2000b) ‘Hermeneutics of clinical practice: the question of textuality’, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 21(2), pp. 171–189. doi: 10.1023/A:1009942926545.

    Svenaeus, F. (2003) ‘Hermeneutics of medicine in the wake of Gadamer: the issue of phronesis’, Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 24(5), pp. 407–431. doi: 10.1023/B:META.0000006935.10835.b2.

    T

    Taylor, C. (1985) Philosophical papers: volume 2, philosophy and the human sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Taylor, C. (2016) The language animal: the full shape of the human linguistic capacity. Cambridge, MA and London: Belknapp Press of Harvard University Press.

    Taylor, C., Carnevale, F.A. and Weinstock, D.M. (2011) ‘Toward a hermeneutical conception of medicine: a conversation with Charles Taylor’, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 36(4), pp. 436–445. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhr033.

    Thompson, E. and Stapleton, M. (2009) ‘Making sense of sense-making: reflections on enactive and extended mind theories’, Topoi, 28(1), pp. 23–30. doi: 10.1007/s11245-008-9043-2.

    Totton, N. (2018) Embodied relating: the ground of psychotherapy. Oxford and New York: Routledge.

    Treanor, B. (2015) ‘Mind the gap: the challenge of matter’, in Kearney, R. and Treanor, B. (eds) Carnal Hermeneutics, New York: Fordham University Press, pp. 57-73.

    Trevarthen, C. (2015) ‘Infant semiosis: the psycho-biology of action and shared experience from birth', Cognitive Development, 36, pp. 130–141. doi: 

    Tyreman, S. (2001) The concept of function in osteopathy and orthodox medicine. PhD thesis. The Open University.

    Tyreman, S. (2008) ‘Commentary on “Is there a place for science in the definition of osteopathy”?’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 11(3), pp. 102–105. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2008.05.001.

    Tyreman, S. (2011) ‘The happy genius of my household: phenomenological and poetic journeys into health and illness’, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 14(3), pp. 301–311. doi: 10.1007/s11019-011-9309-0.

    Tyreman, S. (2018a) ‘An anthropo-ecological narrative’, in Mayer, J. and Standen, C. (eds) Textbook of osteopathic medicine, Munich: Elsevier, pp. 159-166.

    Tyreman, S. (2018b) Email to Mandy Banton, 9 April.

    V

    Varela, F.J., Thompson, E., Rosch, E. (2016) The embodied mind: cognitive science and human experience. Rev. edn. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Villanueva-Russell, Y. (2011) ‘Caught in the crosshairs: identity and cultural authority within chiropractic’, Social Science & Medicine, 72(11), pp. 1826–1837. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.038.

    Vogel, S. (2015) ‘Evidence, theory and variability in osteopathic practice’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 18(1), pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2015.02.001.

    W

    Wieten, S.E. (2018) What counts as ‘what works’: expertise, mechanisms and values in evidence-based medicine. PhD thesis. Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12606/. (Accessed 9 January 2019).

    Willig, C. (2013) Introducing qualitative research in psychology. 3rd edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

    Wrathall, M.A. (2011) Heidegger and unconcealment: truth, language and history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Z

    Zahavi, D. (2003) Husserl’s phenomenology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Zahavi, D. (2010) ‘Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: from Lipps to Schutz’, Inquiry, 53(3), pp. 285–306. doi: 10.1080/00201741003784663.

    Zegarra-Parodi, R., de Chauvigny de Blot, P., Rickards, L.D., Renard, E.-O. et al. (2009) ‘Cranial palpation pressures used by osteopathy students: effects of standardized protocol training’, The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 109(2), pp. 79–85. doi: 10.7556/JAOA.2009.109.2.79.

    Zegarra-Parodi, R. and Cerritelli, F. (2016) ‘The enigmatic case of cranial osteopathy: evidence versus clinical practice’, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 21, pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2016.08.001.

    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

    Making Sense of Cranial Osteopathy:

    Osteopathy and Evidence 
    References

    Anjum, R., Copeland, S., Elena, R., eds (2020) Rethinking Causality, Complexity and Evidence for the Unique Patient. Springer.


    Figg-Latham, J. and Rajendran, D. (2017) ‘Quiet Dissent: the attitudes, beliefs and behaviours of UK osteopaths who reject low back pain guidance – a qualitative study’, Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 27, pp. 97-105.


    Greenhalgh, T., Howick, J. and Maskrey, N. (2014) ‘Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis?’, British Medical Journal, 348(4), g3725–g3725.


    Greenhalgh, T. (2015) ‘Real v Rubbish EBM’.


    Greenhalgh, T. et al (2015) “Six ‘biases’ against patients and carers in evidence-based medicine”, BMC Medicine, 13, 200.


    Loughlin, M., Fuller, J., Bluhm, R., Buetow, S. and Borgerson, K. (2016) ‘Theory, experience and practice’, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 22, pp. 459-465.


    Martini, C. (2021) ‘What “evidence” in Evidence-Based Medicine?’ Topoi, 40, pp. 299-305.

    Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962) Phenomenology of Perception. Translated by Colin Smith. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.


    Merleau-Ponty, M. (1968) The Visible and the Invisible. Edited by C. Lefort; translated by A. Lingis. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.


    Mulhall, S. (2005) The Routledge guidebook to Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’. 2nd edn. London and New York: Routledge, Taylor and Francis. 


    Newell, D., Lothe, L. and Raven, T. (2017) ‘Contextually Aided Recovery (CARe): a scientific theory for innate healing’, Chiropractic & Manual Therapies, 25(1).


    Pattani, R. and Straus, S. (2020) ‘What is EBM?’, BMJ Best Practice.


    Schön, D. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. New York: Basic Books.


    Sheridan, D. and Julian, D. (2016) ‘Achievements and limitations of Evidence-Based Medicine’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 68 (2), pp. 204-213.


    Zimmerman, A. (2013) ‘Evidence-Based Medicine: A short history of a modern medical movement’, Virtual Mentor, 15(1), pp. 71-76.



    Bower, M., & Gallagher, S. (2013). Bodily affects as prenoetic elements in enactive perception. In Phenomenology and Mind (Vol. 4, Issue 1).


    Gallagher, S. (2008). Direct perception in the intersubjective context. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(2), 535–543.


    Gallagher, S. (2013). The socially extended mind. Cognitive Systems Research, 25–26, 4–12.


    Gens, J.-C. and Roche, E. (2014) ‘Emergence of feeling in osteopathic manual listening’, British Psychological Society Annual Conference, Sidney Sussex College Cambridge, UK 5 September, pp. 1-6. Copy of transcript of paper kindly supplied by E. Roche, D.O. (2019). 


    Ikemi, A. (2005). Carl Rogers and Eugene Gendlin on the Bodily Felt Sense: What they share and where they differ / Carl Rogers und Eugene Gendlin über den körperlichen Felt Sense: Was ihnen gemeinsam ist und wo sie sich unterscheiden / Carl Rogers y Eugene Gendlin sobre la sensación sentida en el cuerpo: qué comparten y en dónde difieren. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 4(1).

    Levin, D. M. (1994). Making sense: The work of Eugene Gendlin. Human Studies, 17(3).


    Payne, P., Levine, P. A., & Crane-Godreau, M. A. (2015). Somatic experiencing: Using interoception and proprioception as core elements of trauma therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(Feb).


    Schoeller, D., & Dunaetz, N. (2018). Thinking emergence as interaffecting: approaching and contextualizing Eugene Gendlin’s Process Model. Continental Philosophy Review, 51(1), 123–140.


    Sheets-Johnstone, M. (2014). Thinking in Movement: Response to Erin Manning. Body and Society, 20, 198–207.


    Stuart, S. (2016). The Articulation of Enkinaesthetic Entanglement. In Dem Körper eingeschrieben (pp. 19–35). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

    Aftab, A. and Nielsen, K. (2021) “From Engel to Enactivism,” European journal of analytic philosophy, 17(2).


    Aujoulat, I. et al. (2008) “Reconsidering patient empowerment in chronic illness: A critique of models of self-efficacy and bodily control,” Social Science and Medicine, 66(5).


    Bandura, A. (1977) “Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change,” Psychological Review, 84(2).


    Baru, R. v. and Mohan, M. (2018) “Globalisation and neoliberalism as structural drivers of health inequities,” Health Research Policy and Systems. BioMed Central Ltd.


    Benning, T.B. (2015) “Limitations of the biopsychosocial model in psychiatry,” Advances in Medical Education and Practice, 6, pp. 347–352.


    Bettelli, L., Pisa, V. and Formica, A. (2020) “‘I do it my way’ - Italian osteopaths’ beliefs and attitudes about five osteopathic models: A qualitative study,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 38, pp. 57–64.


    Biglan, A. (1987) “A Behavior-Analytic Critique of Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory,” The Behavior Analyst, 10(1).


    Blease, C., Carel, H. and Geraghty, K. (2017) “Epistemic injustice in healthcare encounters: Evidence from chronic fatigue syndrome,” Journal of Medical Ethics, 43(8), pp. 549–557.


    Carel, H. (2016) Phenomenology of Illness. Oxford University Press.


    Coninx, S. and Stilwell, P. (2021) “Pain and the field of affordances: an enactive approach to acute and chronic pain,” Synthese, 199(3–4), pp. 7835–7863.


    Dahlberg, K., Todres, L. and Galvin, K. (2009) “Lifeworld-led healthcare is more than patient-led care: An existential view of well-being,” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 12(3), pp. 265–271.


    Daluiso-King, G. and Hebron, C. (2022) “Is the biopsychosocial model in musculoskeletal physiotherapy adequate? An evolutionary concept analysis,” Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 38(3), pp. 373–389.


    Esteves, J.E. et al. (2020) “Models and theoretical frameworks for osteopathic care – A critical view and call for updates and research,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1–4.


    Esteves, J.E. et al. (2022) “Osteopathic Care as (En)active Inference: A Theoretical Framework for Developing an Integrative Hypothesis in Osteopathy,” Frontiers in Psychology, 13.


    Geraghty, K.J. and Blease, C. (2019) “Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and the biopsychosocial model: a review of patient harm and distress in the medical encounter,” Disability and Rehabilitation. Taylor and Francis Ltd, pp. 3092–3102.


    Heras-Escribano, M. (2021) “Pragmatism, enactivism, and ecological psychology: towards a unified approach to post-cognitivism,” Synthese, 198.


    Lederman, E. (2017) “A process approach in osteopathy: beyond the structural model,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 23, pp. 22–35.


    McLeroy, K.R. and Wendel, M.L. (2011) “Health equity or iniquity?,” Journal of Primary Prevention, pp. 1–2.


    Mescouto, K. et al. (2020) “A critical review of the biopsychosocial model of low back pain care: time for a new approach?,” Disability and Rehabilitation [Preprint].


    Nassir Ghaemi, S. (2009) “The rise and fall of the biopsychosocial model,” British Journal of Psychiatry, pp. 3–4.


    Oberg, G.K., Normann, B. and Gallagher, S. (2015) “Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in physical therapy,” Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 31(4), pp. 244–252.


    O’Leary, D. (2021) “How to be a holist who rejects the biopsychosocial model,” European Journal of Analytic Philosophy, 17(2).


    Smith, D. (2019) “Reflecting on new models for osteopathy – it’s time for change,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 15–20.


    Stilwell, P. et al. (2021) “Painful metaphors: Enactivism and art in qualitative research,” Medical Humanities, 47(2), pp. 235–247.


    Stilwell, P. and Harman, K. (2019) “An enactive approach to pain: beyond the biopsychosocial model,” Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 18(4), pp. 637–665.


    Todres, L., Galvin, K. and Dahlberg, K. (2007) “Lifeworld-led healthcare: Revisiting a humanising philosophy that integrates emerging trends,” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 10(1), pp. 53–63.


    Vogel, S. (2021) “W(h)ither osteopathy: A call for reflection; a call for submissions for a special issue,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1–3.


    Ward, D., Silverman, D. and Villalobos, M. (2017) “Introduction: The Varieties of Enactivism,” Topoi. Springer Netherlands, pp. 365–375.


    Zegarra-Parodi, R., Draper-Rodi, J. and Cerritelli, F. (2019) “Refining the biopsychosocial model for musculoskeletal practice by introducing religion and spirituality dimensions into the clinical scenario,” International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine.

    Share by: